HOW TO

How To Extend Your Desktop

1.First right clik on your desktop and chose screen resolution

2. Afther that on multiple display click on extend display and click ok

3. afther that your desktop will look like this split it’s image with each monitor

To Do List

TO DO LIST
1.Write a report about prakerin
2.remedial IPA
3.find material for kultum
4.write blog for english
5.study for english test
6.encode movie to make it slower
7.study for LAN test
8.find blog material for blood type blog
9.find information for PKN task
10.prepare equipment for friday cleaning 

Examples List and Directory

Directory:











list:




Sumber : Google

Forming Comparative and Superlative Adjectives

One-syllable adjectives.

Form the comparative and superlative forms of a one-syllable adjective by adding –er for the comparative form and –est for the superlative.

One-Syllable Adjective	Comparative Form	Superlative Form
tall	taller	tallest
old	older	oldest
long	longer	longest

• Mary is taller than Max.
• Mary is the tallest of all the students.
• Max is older than John.
• Of the three students, Max is the oldest.
• My hair is longer than your hair.
• Max's story is the longest story I've ever heard.

If the one-syllable adjective ends with an e, just add –r for the comparative form and –st for the superlative form.

One-Syllable Adjective with Final -e	Comparative Form	Superlative Form
large	larger	largest
wise	wiser	wisest

• Mary's car is larger than Max's car.
• Mary's house is the tallest of all the houses on the block.
• Max is wiser than his brother.
• Max is the wisest person I know.

If the one-syllable adjective ends with a single consonant with a vowel before it, double the consonant and add –er for the comparative form; and double the consonant and add –est for the superlative form.

One-Syllable Adjective Ending with a Single Consonant with a Single Vowel before It	Comparative Form	Superlative Form
big	bigger	biggest
thin	thinner	thinnest
fat	fatter	fattest

• My dog is bigger than your dog.
• My dog is the biggest of all the dogs in the neighborhood.
• Max is thinner than John.
• Of all the students in the class, Max is the thinnest.
• My mother is fatter than your mother.
• Mary is the fattest person I've ever seen.

Two-syllable adjectives.

With most two-syllable adjectives, you form the comparative with more and the superlative with most.

Two-Syllable Adjective	Comparative Form	Superlative Form
peaceful	more peaceful	most peaceful
pleasant	more pleasant	most pleasant
careful	more careful	most careful
thoughtful	more thoughtful	most thoughtful

• This morning is more peaceful than yesterday morning.
• Max's house in the mountains is the most peaceful in the world.
• Max is more careful than Mike.
• Of all the taxi drivers, Jack is the most careful.
• Jill is more thoughtful than your sister.
• Mary is the most thoughtful person I've ever met.

If the two-syllable adjectives ends with –y, change the y to i and add –er for the comparative form. For the superlative form change the y to i and add –est.

Two-Syllable Adjective Ending with -y	Comparative Form	Superlative Form
happy	happier	happiest
angry	angrier	angriest
busy	busier	busiest

• John is happier today than he was yesterday.
• John is the happiest boy in the world.
• Max is angrier than Mary.
• Of all of John's victims, Max is the angriest.
• Mary is busier than Max.
• Mary is the busiest person I've ever met.

Two-syllable adjectives ending in –er, -le, or –ow take –er and –est to form the comparative and superlative forms.

Two-Syllable Adjective Ending with -er, -le, or -ow	Comparative Form	Superlative Form
narrow	narrower	narrowest
gentle	gentler	gentlest

• The roads in this town are narrower than the roads in the city.
• This road is the narrowest of all the roads in California.
• Big dogs are gentler than small dogs.
• Of all the dogs in the world, English Mastiffs are the gentlest.

Adjectives with three or more syllables.

For adjectives with three syllables or more, you form the comparative with more and the superlative with most.

Adjective with Three or More Syllables	Comparative Form	Superlative Form
generous	more generous	most generous
important	more important	most important
intelligent	more intelligent	most intelligent

• John is more generous than Jack.
• John is the most generous of all the people I know.
• Health is more important than money.
• Of all the people I know, Max is the most important.
• Women are more intelligent than men.
• Mary is the most intelligent person I've ever met.

Exceptions.

Irregular adjectives.

Irregular Adjective	Comparative Form	Superlative Form
good	better	best
bad	worse	worst
far	farther	farthest
little	less	least
many	more	most

• Italian food is better than American food.
• My dog is the best dog in the world.
• My mother's cooking is worse than your mother's cooking.
• Of all the students in the class, Max is the worst.

Two-syllable adjectives that follow two rules. These adjectives can be used with -er and -est and with more and most.

Two-Syllable Adjective	Comparative Form	Superlative Form
clever	cleverer	cleverest
clever	more clever	most clever
gentle	gentler	gentlest
gentle	more gentle	most gentle
friendly	friendlier	friendliest
friendly	more friendly	most friendly
quiet	quieter	quietest
quiet	more quiet	most quiet
simple	simpler	simplest
simple	more simple	most simple

• Big dogs are gentler than small dogs.
• Of all the dogs in the world, English Mastiffs are the gentlest.
• Big dogs are more gentle than small dogs.
• Of all the dogs in the world, English Mastiffs are the most gentle.

Sumber :  www.eflnet.com

Memo

What is a memo?

A memo is:

• a hard-copy (sent on paper) document
• used for communicating inside an organisation
• usually short
• contains To, From, Date, Subject Headings and Message sections
• does not need to be signed, but sometimes has the sender's name at the bottom to be more friendly, or the sender's full name to be more formal. If in doubt, follow your company style.

Why write memos?

Memos are useful in situations where e-mails or text messages are not suitable. For example, if you are sending an object, such as a book or a paper that needs to be signed, through internal office mail, you can use a memo as a covering note to explain what the receiver should do.
 

How to write a memo
Memos should have the following sections and content:

1. A 'To' section containing the name of the receiver. For informal memos, the receiver's given name; e.g. 'To: Andy' is enough. For more formal memos, use the receiver's full name. If the receiver is in another department, use the full name and the department name.  It is usually not necessary to use Mr., Mrs., Miss or Ms unless the memo is very formal.
    
2. A 'From' section containing the name of the sender. For informal memos, the sender's other name; e.g. 'From: Bill' is enough. For more formal memos, use the sender's full name. If the receiver is in another department, use the full name and the department name. It is usually not necessary to use Mr., Mrs., Miss or Ms unless the memo is very formal.
    
3. A 'Date' section. To avoid confusion between the British and American date systems, write the month as a word or an abbreviation; e.g. 'January' or 'Jan'.
    
4. A Subject Heading. 
5. The message. Unless the memo is a brief note, a well-organised memo message should contain the following sections:
1. Situation - an Introduction or the purpose of the memo
2. Problem (optional) - for example: "Since the move to the new office in Kowloon Bay, staff have difficulty in finding a nearby place to buy lunch."
3. Solution (optional) - for example: "Providing a microwave oven in the pantry would enable staff to bring in their own lunchboxes and reheat their food."
4. Action - this may be the same as the solution, or be the part of the solution that the receiver needs to carry out; e.g. "we would appreciate it if you could authorise up to $3,000"
5. Politeness - to avoid the receiver refusing to take the action you want, it is important to end with a polite expression; e.g. "Once again, thank you for your support.", or more informally "Thanks".  

Sumber :  www2.elc.polyu.edu.hk

Conjunctions

A conjunction is a word that "joins". A conjunction joins two parts of a sentence.
Here are some example conjunctions:

Coordinating Conjunctions	Subordinating Conjunctions
and, but, or, nor, for, yet, so	although, because, since, unless

We can consider conjunctions from three aspects.

Form

Conjunctions have three basic forms:

• Single Word
  for example: and, but, because, although
• Compound (often ending with as or that)
  for example: provided that, as long as, in order that
• Correlative (surrounding an adverb or adjective)
  for example: so...that

Function

Conjunctions have two basic functions or "jobs":

• Coordinating conjunctions are used to join two parts of a sentence that are grammatically equal. The two parts may be single words or clauses, for example:
  - Jack and Jill went up the hill.
  - The water was warm, but I didn't go swimming.
• Subordinating conjunctions are used to join a subordinate dependent clause to a main clause, for example:
  - I went swimming although it was cold.

Position

• Coordinating conjunctions always come between the words or clauses that they join.
• Subordinating conjunctions usually come at the beginning of the subordinate clause.

Sumber : www.englishclub.com

argument

Definition:

A course of reasoning aimed at demonstrating truth or falsehood. Argument is one of the traditional modes of discourse. Adjective: argumentative.
Daniel J. O'Keefe, a professor of communication and persuasion theory, has distinguished two senses of argument. Put simply, "Argument₁, the first sense, is a thing people make, as when an editorialist argues that some public policy is wrong. Argument₂ is a kind of interaction people have, as when two friends argue about where to have lunch. So argument₁ comes close to the ancient rhetorical notion of argument, while argument₂ legitimates the modern interactional research."

Example:
Dan: I’m home
Jane: back home late aren’t you?
Dan: yeah well, I had to clear up some things in the office.
Jane: o really. Jack said you guys just had a good time at the Feisty Goat Bar.
Dan: ah… he did?
Jane: yeah…. So how was it?
Dan: how’s what?
Jane: the drinking.
Dan: o… the drinking… well… er… it was good.
Jane: pretty good huh.. good enough to make me wait for you huh?
Dan: why were you waiting for me dearest?
Jane: o.. nothing…. Just had a small dinner planned just for the two of us. Salad all mixed and ready, Champagne in the ice, two steaks ready for the grill… but no…. you were busy at the bar clearing up some things weren’t you?
Dan: but what are we celebrating dearest? Is there something about today that I should remember?
Jane: remember?! Why just don’t worry your poor old head, its just 20th anniversary that’s all..
Dan: why … i… I’m sorry I forgot…
Jane: Of cos you’re forgiven. Now, if you would just excuse me, I’ll be on my way to my mother’s house.
Dan: aww.. c’mon Jane lets talk about this ok? This was my fault….

Sumber:  www.theargentnightingale.wordpress.com
               www.grammar.about.com/

Noun Clouse

Look at the following sentences.

• He expected to get a prize.
• He expected that he would get a prize.

In the first sentence the group of words ‘to get a prize’ does not have a subject and a predicate.

This group of word does the work of a noun.

Whereas in the second sentence, the group of words ‘that he would get a prize’ has both a subject and a predicate.

Here this group of words does the work of a noun. This is a clause.

This clause is the object of the verb EXPECT and so does the work of a noun.

Since this group of words does the works of both a noun and a clause, it is called NOUN-CLAUSE.

Definition:

A Noun-Clause is a group of words which contains a Subject and a Predicate of its own and does the work of a noun.

Examples:

• I often wonder how you are getting on with him.

• He feared that he would fail.

• They replied that they would come to this town.

• Do you know who stole the watch?
• I thought that it would be fine day.

• No one knows who he is.

• I did not know what he would do next.

• How the budget got in is a mystery.

• Pay careful attention to what I am going to say.

• I do not understand how all it happened.

The Noun-Clauses can be replaced with suitable Nouns or with suitable Noun-Phrases.

• No one knows when he will come. (Noun-Clauses)
• No one knows the time of his coming. (Noun-Phrases)

• I heard that he had succeeded. (Noun-Clauses)
• I heard of his success. (Noun-Phrases)

• We will never know why he failed. (Noun-Clauses)
• We will never know the reason for his failure. (Noun-Phrases)

• The law will punish whosoever is guilty. (Noun-Clause)
• The law will punish the guilty. (Noun)

• The police want to know where he is living. (Noun-Clauses)
• The police want to know his residence. (Noun)

Sumber :  www.english-for-students.com

Used to

Used to do

We use 'used to' for something that happened regularly in the past but no longer happens.

• I used to smoke a packet a day but I stopped two years ago.
• Ben used to travel a lot in his job but now, since his promotion, he doesn't.
• I used to drive to work but now I take the bus.

We also use it for something that was true but  no longer is.

• There used to be a cinema in the town but now there isn't.
• She used to have really long hair but she's had it all cut off.
• I didn't use to like him but now I do.

'Used to do' is different from 'to be used to doing' and 'to get used to doing'

to be used to doing

We use 'to be used to doing' to say that something is normal, not unusual.

• I'm used to living on my own. I've done it for quite a long time.
• Hans has lived in England for over a year so he is used to driving on the left now.
• They've always lived in hot countries so they aren't used to the cold weather here.

to get used to doing

We use 'to get used to doing' to talk about the process of something becoming normal for us.

• I didn't understand the accent when I first moved here but I quickly got used to it.
• She has started working nights and is still getting used to sleeping during the day.
• I have always lived in the country but now I'm beginning to get used to living in the city.

Sumber :  www.englishgrammarsecrets.com

Expressing Agreement/Disagreement

Agreement and disagreement are types of affirmation and denial in which the expression of JUDGEMENT or OPINION rather than the assertion of FACT is involved. It is all the more necessary not to offend standards of politeness when the other person’s judgement is in question.

AGREEMENT

In agreeing with an unfavourable opinion, you may wish to qualify your agreement with an expression of regret, etc.

His speech was boring

/ Yes, I am afraid it was. I have to agree that it was. \ I must say I found it so.

In other cases, you can be as enthusiastic as you like in emphasizing your agreement.

It was an interesting exhibition, wasn’t it? – Yes, it was superb/absolutely splendid!
A referendum will satisfy everybody. – Yes, definitely/quite/absolutely/I absolutely agree/I couldn’t agree more/I quite agree/ I agree entirely.

A referendum will not satisfy everybody. – Definitely not/It certainly won’t/You are absolutely right, it won’t/ I agree that it won’t.

It’s good practice and it’s good fun. – Exactly.
I feel I ought to give her a hand – Oh, quite, quite.
I must do something, though – Yes, I quite agree.
There is far too much attention being paid to these hoodlums – Yes I couldn’t agree more.
The public showed that by the way it voted in the General election – That’s quite true.
We reckon that this is what THEY would have wanted us to do. – I think you are absolutely right.

You can show that you agree strongly with someone’s description of something by repeating the adjective they have used and using "very" in front of it. You usually use “indeed” after the adjective.

It was very tragic, wasn’t it – Very tragic indeed.
The pacing in all these performances is subtle, isn’t – Oh, very subtle, indeed.

Other ways of expressing agreement are:

That’s just what I was thinking.
You know, that’s exactly what I think.
That’s a good point.

 DISAGREEMENT

Notice that you need to be very polite when disagreeing with someone in English – even someone you know quite well. When you deny or contradict what someone else has stated, the effect is often impolite, unless the denial is qualified in some way. You can qualify it by an apology or by adjusting to the speaker’s point of view:

English is a difficult language to learn.
-I am afraid I disagree with you: some languages are even more difficult, I think.
Or
- TRUE, but the grammar is quite easy.
Or
-Yes, but it’s not so difficult as Russian.
Or
-Do you think so? Actually, I find it quite easy.


The commonest ways to express disagreement are as follows:

Yes, that’s quite true, but…
I’m not sure I quite agree.
Well, you have a point there, but…
Perhaps, but I don’t think that…
I see what you mean, but…

Rather than simply expressing complete disagreement, people usually try to disagree politely using expressions, which soften the contradictory opinion they are giving "I don’t think so" and "Not really" are the most common of these expressions.

It was a lot of money in those days – Well, not really.
It’s all over now, anyway. – No, I am afraid I can’t agree with you there.

People often say “Yes” or “I see what you mean”, to indicate partial agreement and then go on to mention a point of disagreement, introduced by “but”.

You’ve just said yourself that you got fed up with it after a time. - Yes, but only after three weeks.
It’s a very clever film. – Yes, perhaps, but I didn’t like it.
They ruined the whole thing. – I see what you mean, but they didn’t know. 

Sumber :  www.hello-online.ru

Expressing Opinions

Giving your opinions

There are many ways to give your opinions when speaking English. The exact English expression you use depends on how strong your opinion is.
Key phrases
I think; I feel; I reckon (informal)
I guess (American)
In my view/opinion (formal)
Apparently; so to speak; more or less; sort of (informal)
Kind of (informal)
Well; really; that is to say; at least; I am afraid; I suppose; or rather; actually; I mean

Giving your opinion neutrally

I think/ feel/ reckon/ guess and in my view/ opinion are used to make opinions and statements sound less dogmatic.

• I think she is lying.
• I really feel she is making a mistake.
• I reckon/ guess she just doesn’t love him.
• In my view/opinion, it would be better to call the police.

Apparently can be used to say that the speaker has got his/her information from somebody else (and perhaps does not guarantee that it is true).

• Have you heard? Apparently Alice is pregnant again.

So to speak, more or less, at least and sort/kind of are used to show that one is not speaking very exactly, or to soften something which might upset other people. Well and really can also be used to soften.

• I sort of think we ought to leave now.
• I kind of think we are going to lose.
• She is kind of strange.
• ‘Do you like it?’ ‘Well, yes, it is all right.’
• Ghosts don’t exist. At least, I have never seen one.

I am afraid

I am afraid (that) often means I am sorry to tell you (that). It is used to introduce apologetic refusals and bad news.

• I am afraid I can’t help you.
• I am afraid I forgot to post the letters.

I suppose is used to enquire politely about something. It can also be used to suggest unwilling agreement.

• ‘I suppose you are very busy at the moment?’
• ‘Can you lend me some money?’ ‘I suppose so.’

Or rather and I mean can be used to correct oneself.

• I am seeing him in May – or rather early June.
• Let’s meet next Monday – I mean Tuesday.

According to

We do not usually give our own opinions with according to.

• In my opinion, she is sick. (NOT According to me, …)

Giving a strong opinion

• ’I'm absolutely convinced that…’
• ‘I'm sure that…’
• ‘I strongly believe that…’
• ‘I have no doubt that…’

English expressions for asking someone's opinion

• What do you think?
• ‘What's your view?’
• ‘How do you see the situation?’

Sumber:  www.perfectyourenglish.com

Giving and Responding to Compliment

GIVING COMPLAIMENT

Everyone likes to hear compliments. Compliments make people feel good about themselves, and we all need that at times. Hotel guests and staff are no exceptions. Guests may give hotel staff compliments for the quality of their service, for their English ability, for their appearance in an unique uniform, or for doing something a little extra for the guest.
A hotel staff may give a guest a compliment about how they look in a newly purchased outfit, or for their patience when a problem arises, or for a beautiful new hair style after visiting a beauty parlor. Look at the expressions below that can be used when giving and responding to compliments.
Expression Of Giving Compaliment
Giving Complaiments

—That’s a very nice …(dress).

—Great job on the …(presentation).

—You look very good in … (that new hair-do).

—This dish is delicious, my compliments to the chef.

—That … (tie) looks great on you.

—

Responses to compliments

—How kind of you to say so.

—Thank you.

—I’m glad you like it.

—It was nothing really. (an expression of modesty and humility)

Learn the expressions used for giving compliments to others. Practice by saying them loudly.

—Your performance on the stage is amazing.

—How wonderful to listen to  your  great voice.

—How mar vellous .

—Great ! (You look great) / Great for  you.

—Terrific ! (Hey, that’s terrific !)

—Fantastic!

—Smashing.

—That’s really remarkable /well  done.

—

Now, learn the expressions  use for responding to compliments.

—It’s very kind of you to say so.

—Thank you.

—I can say how pleased (delighted) I am.

—I’m delighted  to hear  that.

—Thank for your compliment.

Dialogue

Staff: What a beautiful dress, Mrs. Elliot.
Guest: Thanks, I’m glad you like it.
Staff: Your new hair-do looks absolutely gorgeous, Mrs. Simpson.
Guest: How kind of you to say so.
Guest: My compliments to the chef. This linguine is superb.
Staff: Thank you ma’am. I’ll be sure to let the chef know.
Guest: Your English is very good.
Staff: Thank you very much.
Staff: Excellent game Mr. Johnson. You really gave me a workout.
Guest: Thanks, I guess all those private lessons are finally paying off.
Guest: I really appreciate all the extra work you did on helping us solve that problem. It truly went above and beyond. My compliments to your work ethic.
Staff: Thank you sir, how kind of you to say so.

Sumber:  www.inilahblogsaya.wordpress.com

BARGAINING

BARGAINING
Bargaining or haggling is a type of negotiation in which the buyer and seller of a good or service dispute the price which will be paid and the exact nature of the transaction that will take place, and eventually come to an agreement.
Bargaining is an alternative pricing strategy to fixed prices. Optimally, if it costs the retailer nothing to engage and allow bargaining, he can divine the buyer’s willingness to spend. It allows for capturing more consumer surplus as it allows price discrimination, a process whereby a seller can charge a higher price to one buyer who is more eager (by being richer or more desperate). Haggling has largely disappeared in parts of the world where the cost to haggle exceeds the gain to retailers for most common retail items. However, for expensive goods sold to uninformed buyers such as automobiles, bargaining can remain commonplace.

Answer the following questions orally :

—Do you like to go shopping?

—Where do you usually go shopping?

—When do you usually go to shopping?

—What do you usually buy?

—How do you pay for the purchase?

—Do you ever use a credit card?

Now, practice expressions used in bergaining / shopping :

—Is there any discount?

—What about Rp. 50.000,- for each book?

—Can you make it for $ 1 ?

—What  about 20% off?

—How about Rp. 10.000,- per kilogram?

—Etc.

Conversation

—Shopkeeper : Good morning madam. How    can I help you?

—Customer : I want to buy a beautiful frock for my daughter.

—Shopkeeper : How old is she?

—Customer : She is 2 years old.

—Shopkeeper : Do you want causal or party wear.

—Customer : I want party wear.

—Shopkeeper : Do you want any particular colour?

—Customer : No, but the frock must be very attractive. Show me only the latest stuff.

—Shopkeeper : Do not worry madam. We have latest stock. Which size do you want?

—Customer : I do not have an idea about the size.

—Shopkeeper : No problem. See this frock. I think this size will be ok for her.

—Customer : Yes, I also think so. Do you have black colour in it?

—Shopkeeper : Yes, we do have.

—Customer : What is its prize?

—Shopkeeper : It is of 2000 Rs.

—Customer : It is too expensive. I will give you only 1500 Rs.

—Shokeeper : We are charging reasonably from you.

—Customer : I will not give you more than 1500 Rs.

—Shopkeeper : Ok. If you are insisting, give 1800 Rs.

—Customer : No. You are over charging.

—Shopkeeper : Now I have left my profit. Give me 1700 Rs.

—Customer : I am giving you 1600 Rs.

—Shopkeeper : You won. Give the money.

—Customer : Pack the frock in a nice box.

—Shopkeeper : Here it is your bag.

—Customer : Thank you.

—Shopkeeper : Thanks for shopping here. Have a nice day.

Expressing certainty and uncertainty

Certainty and uncertainty

Certainty is the state of being completely confident or having no doubt about something. However, uncertainty is when nothing is ever decided or sure.

Expressing certainty

When you are sure that something will or will not happen in the future, use these expressions.

For example to the question:
"Will John pass the exam?"
you may respond as follows:

Expressing uncertainty

When you are not sure whether something or someone will or will not happen, use the following expressions.
For example, to the question:
"Will John follow a career in business?"
you may respond as follows:

Well,

it's possible, it's impossible, it might be, it might not be, it could happen,

I suppose,

but

I wouldn't like to say for certain. I'm not sure I doubt it. I have my own doubts. it's doubtful. It's highly / very unlikely.

you never know of course, no one can know for certain.

Sumber: www.myenglishpage.com

Giving Invitation

Expression giving invitation

 Generally all of us have activities that need to attended by others. So you have to invite them to come and join. You might invite them orally (informal) or writing (formal). It's depend on situation where are you at the day. Might be you met your friend when you were jogging, you invite them to come and join for lunch/dinner/birthday party/ etc orally (informal

Here are the examples of giving invitation :

   - Could you come to my party ? 

   - Would you mind coming over on Saturday night ?  

   - Would you like to come to my birthday party  on .......... ? 

   - How about going out for lunch to gather this afternoon  ?

   - I'd like you to ......... ?

   - Can you ............ ?

   - How would you like to ................... ?

 

 

What is your response  ?

·  Thank you for your invitation I'll happy to come/join/dinner/lunch/etc.

·  That's very kind of you.

·  That sound wonderful, I'll happy to come/ join/ etc.

 

 

But if you refuse/decline an invitation, remember to thank the person for the invitation and give a reason for refuse/decline. You don't  need to give a detailed reason, it's just a general reason. 

Below are responses if you refuse/decline an invitation : 

.  Thank you but I'm sorry, I'm affraid I can't...

·  Thank you for your invitation but I don't think I can make it.

·  I'd love to but I can't. I have other plans.

 

 

 sumber : www.english4knowledge.blogspot.com